1 Correlations of Constructive Voice Behavior, Power distance, Collectivist, Resistance to change, Core self evaluation. Inc mean and SD.

It does not make sense to have correlations with demographics as these are factors

variable mean SD param Constructive.voice.behaviour Power.distance Collectivist Resistance.to.change Core.self.evaluation
Collectivist 4.7 0.93 corr -0.0097 -0.025 1 0.11 0.0023
Collectivist 4.7 0.93 CI (-0.2, 0.18) (-0.21, 0.16) (1, 1) (-0.077, 0.29) (-0.19, 0.19)
Collectivist 4.7 0.93 p.value 0.92 0.79 0 0.24 0.98
Constructive.voice.behaviour 5.5 0.9 corr 1 -0.21 -0.0097 -0.53 0.19
Constructive.voice.behaviour 5.5 0.9 CI (1, 1) (-0.38, -0.023) (-0.2, 0.18) (-0.65, -0.38) (-0.0026, 0.36)
Constructive.voice.behaviour 5.5 0.9 p.value 0 0.028 0.92 3.1e-09 0.053
Core.self.evaluation 4.9 0.81 corr 0.19 0.077 0.0023 -0.21 1
Core.self.evaluation 4.9 0.81 CI (-0.0026, 0.36) (-0.11, 0.26) (-0.19, 0.19) (-0.38, -0.024) (1, 1)
Core.self.evaluation 4.9 0.81 p.value 0.053 0.42 0.98 0.028 0
Power.distance 2.5 1 corr -0.21 1 -0.025 0.068 0.077
Power.distance 2.5 1 CI (-0.38, -0.023) (1, 1) (-0.21, 0.16) (-0.12, 0.25) (-0.11, 0.26)
Power.distance 2.5 1 p.value 0.028 0 0.79 0.48 0.42
Resistance.to.change 3.3 0.73 corr -0.53 0.068 0.11 1 -0.21
Resistance.to.change 3.3 0.73 CI (-0.65, -0.38) (-0.12, 0.25) (-0.077, 0.29) (1, 1) (-0.38, -0.024)
Resistance.to.change 3.3 0.73 p.value 3.1e-09 0.48 0.24 0 0.028

2 Cronbach alpha for Constructive Voice Behavior, Power distance, Collectivist, Resistance to change, Core self evaluation.

Using http://personality-project.org/r/html/alpha.html

2.1 Constructive Voice Behavior

## 
## Reliability analysis   
## Call: alpha(x = data.comp[["CVB"]])
## 
##   raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N   ase mean  sd
##       0.93      0.93    0.93      0.72  13 0.041  5.5 0.9
## 
##  lower alpha upper     95% confidence boundaries
## 0.85 0.93 1.01 
## 
##  Reliability if an item is dropped:
##      raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r  S/N alpha se
## Q5_1      0.91      0.91    0.90      0.72 10.0    0.053
## Q5_2      0.90      0.91    0.89      0.70  9.5    0.053
## Q5_3      0.93      0.93    0.92      0.77 13.7    0.050
## Q5_4      0.91      0.91    0.90      0.72 10.1    0.053
## Q5_5      0.90      0.90    0.90      0.70  9.5    0.053
## 
##  Item statistics 
##        n    r r.cor r.drop mean   sd
## Q5_1 109 0.89  0.87   0.83  5.5 1.01
## Q5_2 109 0.91  0.89   0.85  5.6 1.00
## Q5_3 109 0.81  0.74   0.71  5.6 0.89
## Q5_4 109 0.89  0.86   0.83  5.5 1.04
## Q5_5 109 0.91  0.89   0.86  5.3 1.16
## 
## Non missing response frequency for each item
##         1    2    3    4    5    6    7 miss
## Q5_1 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.33 0.42 0.12    0
## Q5_2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.11 0.28 0.43 0.15    0
## Q5_3 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.38 0.43 0.13    0
## Q5_4 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.34 0.41 0.12    0
## Q5_5 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.12 0.32 0.38 0.12    0

2.2 Power distance

## 
## Reliability analysis   
## Call: alpha(x = data.comp[["POW"]])
## 
##   raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N   ase mean sd
##       0.81      0.81    0.85      0.46 4.3 0.057  2.5  1
## 
##  lower alpha upper     95% confidence boundaries
## 0.7 0.81 0.92 
## 
##  Reliability if an item is dropped:
##                                                                                                     raw_alpha
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions.      0.78
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently.      0.82
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.              0.72
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions               0.72
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions              0.81
##                                                                                                     std.alpha
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions.      0.79
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently.      0.82
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.              0.73
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions               0.72
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions              0.81
##                                                                                                     G6(smc)
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions.    0.83
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently.    0.85
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.            0.68
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions             0.67
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions            0.85
##                                                                                                     average_r
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions.      0.48
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently.      0.53
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.              0.40
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions               0.39
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions              0.52
##                                                                                                     S/N
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions. 3.7
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently. 4.4
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.         2.7
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions          2.6
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions         4.3
##                                                                                                     alpha se
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions.    0.070
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently.    0.065
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.            0.079
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions             0.080
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions            0.067
## 
##  Item statistics 
##                                                                                                       n
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions. 109
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently. 109
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.         109
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions          109
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions         109
##                                                                                                        r
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions. 0.73
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently. 0.66
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.         0.86
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions          0.87
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions         0.67
##                                                                                                     r.cor
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions.  0.60
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently.  0.50
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.          0.92
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions           0.94
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions          0.52
##                                                                                                     r.drop
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions.   0.56
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently.   0.46
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.           0.75
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions            0.76
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions           0.48
##                                                                                                     mean
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions.  2.3
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently.  2.7
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.          2.4
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions           2.4
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions          2.5
##                                                                                                      sd
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions. 1.3
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently. 1.5
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.         1.3
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions          1.4
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions         1.4
## 
## Non missing response frequency for each item
##                                                                                                        1
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions. 0.25
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently. 0.20
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.         0.28
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions          0.29
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions         0.25
##                                                                                                        2
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions. 0.41
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently. 0.35
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.         0.29
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions          0.28
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions         0.35
##                                                                                                        3
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions. 0.22
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently. 0.22
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.         0.28
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions          0.28
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions         0.24
##                                                                                                        4
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions. 0.03
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently. 0.02
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.         0.05
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions          0.06
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions         0.04
##                                                                                                        5
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions. 0.06
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently. 0.17
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.         0.05
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions          0.05
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions         0.06
##                                                                                                        6
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions. 0.03
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently. 0.03
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.         0.04
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions          0.04
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions         0.06
##                                                                                                        7
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions. 0.01
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently. 0.01
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.         0.01
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions          0.01
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions         0.01
##                                                                                                     miss
## People.in.higher.positions.should.make.most.decisions.without.consulting.people.in.lower.positions.    0
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.ask.the.opinions.of.people.in.lower.positions.too.frequently.    0
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions.            0
## People.in.lower.positions.should.not.disagree.with.decisions.by.people.in.higher.positions             0
## People.in.higher.positions.should.not.delegate.important.tasks.to.people.in.lower.positions            0

2.3 Resistance to change

## 
## Reliability analysis   
## Call: alpha(x = data.comp[["RTC"]])
## 
##   raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N   ase mean   sd
##       0.85      0.85    0.89      0.25 5.6 0.029  3.3 0.73
## 
##  lower alpha upper     95% confidence boundaries
## 0.79 0.85 0.9 
## 
##  Reliability if an item is dropped:
##       raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se
## Q8_1       0.84      0.84    0.88      0.25 5.2    0.031
## Q8_2       0.84      0.84    0.88      0.25 5.2    0.031
## Q8_3       0.83      0.83    0.87      0.23 4.9    0.032
## Q8_4       0.85      0.85    0.89      0.26 5.7    0.030
## Q8_5       0.84      0.84    0.88      0.25 5.3    0.031
## Q8_6       0.84      0.84    0.88      0.25 5.4    0.031
## Q8_7       0.83      0.84    0.88      0.24 5.1    0.032
## Q8_8       0.84      0.85    0.89      0.25 5.5    0.030
## Q8_9       0.84      0.84    0.88      0.25 5.4    0.031
## Q8_10      0.83      0.83    0.88      0.23 4.9    0.033
## Q8_11      0.83      0.83    0.87      0.23 4.9    0.033
## Q8_12      0.83      0.84    0.88      0.24 5.2    0.032
## Q8_13      0.84      0.84    0.88      0.25 5.3    0.031
## Q8_14      0.85      0.85    0.89      0.26 5.8    0.029
## Q8_15      0.83      0.84    0.87      0.24 5.2    0.031
## Q8_16      0.84      0.84    0.89      0.25 5.4    0.031
## Q8_17      0.85      0.85    0.89      0.26 5.6    0.030
## 
##  Item statistics 
##         n    r r.cor r.drop mean   sd
## Q8_1  109 0.58  0.54   0.49  2.2 0.95
## Q8_2  109 0.58  0.55   0.50  3.1 1.42
## Q8_3  109 0.72  0.72   0.66  2.3 1.15
## Q8_4  109 0.35  0.29   0.24  3.5 1.35
## Q8_5  109 0.52  0.48   0.43  2.3 1.13
## Q8_6  109 0.47  0.44   0.39  3.3 1.51
## Q8_7  109 0.63  0.61   0.56  3.6 1.49
## Q8_8  109 0.46  0.41   0.38  4.4 1.43
## Q8_9  109 0.50  0.46   0.42  3.6 1.42
## Q8_10 109 0.72  0.72   0.67  3.1 1.33
## Q8_11 109 0.73  0.72   0.68  2.8 1.41
## Q8_12 109 0.60  0.59   0.53  2.6 1.35
## Q8_13 109 0.54  0.53   0.46  2.7 1.47
## Q8_14 109 0.33  0.29   0.22  4.2 1.41
## Q8_15 109 0.60  0.59   0.51  3.9 1.46
## Q8_16 109 0.47  0.42   0.38  3.9 1.36
## Q8_17 109 0.39  0.32   0.29  4.7 1.25
## 
## Non missing response frequency for each item
##          1    2    3    4    5    6    7 miss
## Q8_1  0.21 0.53 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.00 0.00    0
## Q8_2  0.08 0.34 0.23 0.14 0.17 0.03 0.02    0
## Q8_3  0.23 0.45 0.17 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.00    0
## Q8_4  0.03 0.23 0.30 0.17 0.17 0.10 0.00    0
## Q8_5  0.27 0.34 0.21 0.15 0.04 0.00 0.00    0
## Q8_6  0.06 0.36 0.20 0.07 0.24 0.05 0.02    0
## Q8_7  0.06 0.28 0.15 0.13 0.34 0.04 0.01    0
## Q8_8  0.01 0.15 0.16 0.08 0.39 0.19 0.02    0
## Q8_9  0.04 0.25 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.10 0.00    0
## Q8_10 0.08 0.34 0.26 0.11 0.18 0.03 0.00    0
## Q8_11 0.17 0.37 0.23 0.04 0.18 0.01 0.01    0
## Q8_12 0.16 0.43 0.20 0.09 0.08 0.02 0.02    0
## Q8_13 0.17 0.42 0.16 0.06 0.14 0.04 0.01    0
## Q8_14 0.02 0.10 0.22 0.17 0.28 0.17 0.03    0
## Q8_15 0.02 0.18 0.25 0.16 0.22 0.17 0.01    0
## Q8_16 0.02 0.14 0.28 0.16 0.26 0.15 0.00    0
## Q8_17 0.01 0.05 0.14 0.14 0.36 0.29 0.02    0

2.4 Collectivist

## 
## Reliability analysis   
## Call: alpha(x = data.comp[["COL"]])
## 
##   raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N   ase mean   sd
##       0.81      0.81     0.8      0.41 4.1 0.052  4.7 0.93
## 
##  lower alpha upper     95% confidence boundaries
## 0.7 0.81 0.91 
## 
##  Reliability if an item is dropped:
##                                                                                        raw_alpha
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                                   0.81
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                          0.80
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                     0.74
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                                    0.77
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group.      0.78
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                          0.77
##                                                                                        std.alpha
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                                   0.80
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                          0.80
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                     0.74
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                                    0.77
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group.      0.78
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                          0.77
##                                                                                        G6(smc)
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                                 0.79
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                        0.78
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                   0.71
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                                  0.74
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group.    0.76
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                        0.75
##                                                                                        average_r
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                                   0.45
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                          0.44
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                     0.36
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                                    0.39
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group.      0.41
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                          0.40
##                                                                                        S/N
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                              4.1
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                     3.9
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                2.8
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                               3.3
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group. 3.5
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                     3.3
##                                                                                        alpha se
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                                 0.058
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                        0.059
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                   0.067
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                                  0.064
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group.    0.062
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                        0.064
## 
##  Item statistics 
##                                                                                          n
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                              109
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                     109
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                109
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                               109
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group. 109
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                     109
##                                                                                           r
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                              0.61
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                     0.64
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                0.83
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                               0.74
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group. 0.70
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                     0.74
##                                                                                        r.cor
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                               0.48
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                      0.52
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                 0.82
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                                0.70
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group.  0.62
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                      0.67
##                                                                                        r.drop
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                                0.43
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                       0.47
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                  0.73
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                                 0.61
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group.   0.56
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                       0.61
##                                                                                        mean
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                               4.6
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                      5.3
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                 4.8
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                                5.0
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group.  4.4
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                      4.2
##                                                                                         sd
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                              1.3
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                     1.2
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                1.3
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                               1.3
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group. 1.4
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                     1.4
## 
## Non missing response frequency for each item
##                                                                                           1
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                              0.01
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                     0.00
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                0.00
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                               0.01
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group. 0.01
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                     0.01
##                                                                                           2
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                              0.06
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                     0.03
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                0.05
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                               0.07
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group. 0.12
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                     0.15
##                                                                                           3
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                              0.15
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                     0.07
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                0.16
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                               0.06
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group. 0.18
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                     0.18
##                                                                                           4
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                              0.13
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                     0.10
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                0.17
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                               0.12
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group. 0.12
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                     0.19
##                                                                                           5
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                              0.38
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                     0.28
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                0.27
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                               0.33
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group. 0.33
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                     0.28
##                                                                                           6
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                              0.27
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                     0.45
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                0.34
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                               0.34
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group. 0.23
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                     0.17
##                                                                                           7
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                              0.01
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                     0.07
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                0.03
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                               0.06
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group. 0.01
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                     0.02
##                                                                                        miss
## Individuals.should.sacrifice.self.interest.for.the.group.                                 0
## Individuals.should.stick.with.the.group.even.through.difficulties.                        0
## Group.welfare.is.more.important.than.individual.rewards                                   0
## Group.success.is.more.important.than.individual.success.                                  0
## Individuals.should.only.pursue.their.goals.after.considering.the.welfare.of.the.group.    0
## Group.loyalty.should.be.encouraged.even.if.individual.goals.suffer                        0

2.5 Core self evaluation

## 
## Reliability analysis   
## Call: alpha(x = data.comp[["CSE"]])
## 
##   raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N   ase mean   sd
##       0.84      0.84    0.86      0.31 5.3 0.034  4.9 0.81
## 
##  lower alpha upper     95% confidence boundaries
## 0.77 0.84 0.9 
## 
##  Reliability if an item is dropped:
##       raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se
## Q9_1       0.82      0.82    0.84      0.30 4.6    0.038
## Q9_2       0.82      0.83    0.85      0.31 4.8    0.038
## Q9_3       0.83      0.83    0.85      0.31 5.0    0.036
## Q9_4       0.83      0.84    0.86      0.32 5.2    0.036
## Q9_5       0.84      0.84    0.86      0.33 5.4    0.036
## Q9_6       0.83      0.83    0.86      0.31 5.0    0.037
## Q9_7       0.81      0.82    0.84      0.29 4.5    0.039
## Q9_8       0.81      0.82    0.84      0.29 4.5    0.039
## Q9_9       0.83      0.83    0.85      0.31 5.0    0.037
## Q9_10      0.82      0.82    0.85      0.30 4.7    0.038
## Q9_11      0.82      0.82    0.84      0.29 4.6    0.038
## Q9_12      0.82      0.83    0.85      0.31 4.9    0.037
## 
##  Item statistics 
##         n    r r.cor r.drop mean   sd
## Q9_1  109 0.67  0.64   0.57  5.2 1.31
## Q9_2  109 0.61  0.57   0.54  4.0 1.62
## Q9_3  109 0.56  0.51   0.42  5.6 0.71
## Q9_4  109 0.50  0.44   0.42  4.2 1.56
## Q9_5  109 0.42  0.33   0.27  5.7 0.71
## Q9_6  109 0.55  0.48   0.44  3.9 1.54
## Q9_7  109 0.72  0.71   0.65  5.6 1.19
## Q9_8  109 0.71  0.69   0.64  5.1 1.55
## Q9_9  109 0.55  0.50   0.42  5.0 1.25
## Q9_10 109 0.65  0.62   0.56  4.6 1.60
## Q9_11 109 0.69  0.66   0.59  5.5 1.09
## Q9_12 109 0.60  0.56   0.52  4.6 1.60
## 
## Non missing response frequency for each item
##          1    2    3    4    5    6    7 miss
## Q9_1  0.01 0.04 0.09 0.10 0.22 0.46 0.08    0
## Q9_2  0.02 0.20 0.27 0.13 0.11 0.25 0.03    0
## Q9_3  0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.33 0.55 0.07    0
## Q9_4  0.01 0.15 0.28 0.10 0.20 0.22 0.05    0
## Q9_5  0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.24 0.63 0.07    0
## Q9_6  0.02 0.15 0.39 0.06 0.16 0.18 0.04    0
## Q9_7  0.00 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.17 0.55 0.17    0
## Q9_8  0.03 0.04 0.14 0.08 0.15 0.42 0.15    0
## Q9_9  0.01 0.06 0.06 0.15 0.38 0.29 0.06    0
## Q9_10 0.05 0.05 0.20 0.11 0.18 0.35 0.06    0
## Q9_11 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.28 0.48 0.11    0
## Q9_12 0.00 0.13 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.29 0.09    0

3 Linear models for Constructive Voice Behavior

Assess the following dependent variables for Constructive Voice Behaviour, with and without adjustment for potential confounding with demographic varaibles.

  1. Power distance
  2. Collectivist
  3. Resistance to change
  4. Core Self Evaluation

3.1 Unadjusted regression

3.1.1 Key variables

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.9342 0.2203 26.94 0.0000
Power.distance -0.1811 0.0815 -2.22 0.0284

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4826 0.0847 64.70 0.0000
Power.distance.cen -0.1811 0.0815 -2.22 0.0284

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.5267 0.4471 12.36 0.0000
Collectivist -0.0094 0.0934 -0.10 0.9201

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4826 0.0867 63.26 0.0000
Collectivist.cen -0.0094 0.0934 -0.10 0.9201

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 7.6559 0.3443 22.24 0.0000
Resistance.to.change -0.6559 0.1015 -6.46 0.0000

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4826 0.0735 74.58 0.0000
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.6559 0.1015 -6.46 0.0000

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 4.4643 0.5280 8.45 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation 0.2072 0.1060 1.95 0.0533

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4826 0.0852 64.37 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.2072 0.1060 1.95 0.0533


3.1.2 Demographic variables

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.8267 0.2289 25.46 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.1867 0.2735 -0.68 0.4965
Age41-50 years -0.4711 0.2643 -1.78 0.0775
Age51-60 years -0.6981 0.3294 -2.12 0.0364

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4000 0.1215 44.45 0.0000
GenderMale 0.1667 0.1726 0.97 0.3364

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.1000 0.6440 7.92 0.0000
EducationDiploma 0.7000 0.7120 0.98 0.3278
EducationBachelor Degree 0.3485 0.6633 0.53 0.6004
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3836 0.6556 0.59 0.5597
EducationPhD 0.2800 0.7055 0.40 0.6923

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.3222 0.1212 43.92 0.0000
ManagerYes 0.3178 0.1706 1.86 0.0653


3.2 Adjustment for demographic varaibles

3.2.1 Key variables with main effects for demographic varaibles

This adjusts for possible confounding by the demographic variables.

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.5884 0.6976 8.01 0.0000
Power.distance -0.1759 0.0843 -2.09 0.0395
Age31-40 years -0.2597 0.2868 -0.91 0.3674
Age41-50 years -0.5710 0.2770 -2.06 0.0419
Age51-60 years -0.5774 0.3426 -1.69 0.0951
GenderMale 0.1606 0.1735 0.93 0.3568
EducationDiploma 0.7752 0.6938 1.12 0.2666
EducationBachelor Degree 0.4137 0.6541 0.63 0.5286
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3830 0.6457 0.59 0.5544
EducationPhD 0.4910 0.6967 0.70 0.4826
ManagerYes 0.4341 0.1780 2.44 0.0166

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.1497 0.6490 7.94 0.0000
Power.distance.cen -0.1759 0.0843 -2.09 0.0395
Age31-40 years -0.2597 0.2868 -0.91 0.3674
Age41-50 years -0.5710 0.2770 -2.06 0.0419
Age51-60 years -0.5774 0.3426 -1.69 0.0951
GenderMale 0.1606 0.1735 0.93 0.3568
EducationDiploma 0.7752 0.6938 1.12 0.2666
EducationBachelor Degree 0.4137 0.6541 0.63 0.5286
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3830 0.6457 0.59 0.5544
EducationPhD 0.4910 0.6967 0.70 0.4826
ManagerYes 0.4341 0.1780 2.44 0.0166

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 4.9945 0.8314 6.01 0.0000
Collectivist 0.0094 0.0952 0.10 0.9216
Age31-40 years -0.3503 0.2897 -1.21 0.2295
Age41-50 years -0.6425 0.2814 -2.28 0.0246
Age51-60 years -0.7598 0.3402 -2.23 0.0278
GenderMale 0.1852 0.1773 1.04 0.2987
EducationDiploma 0.9536 0.7130 1.34 0.1842
EducationBachelor Degree 0.6249 0.6678 0.94 0.3517
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.6023 0.6552 0.92 0.3602
EducationPhD 0.7065 0.7120 0.99 0.3235
ManagerYes 0.3782 0.1805 2.10 0.0387

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.0386 0.6636 7.59 0.0000
Collectivist.cen 0.0094 0.0952 0.10 0.9216
Age31-40 years -0.3503 0.2897 -1.21 0.2295
Age41-50 years -0.6425 0.2814 -2.28 0.0246
Age51-60 years -0.7598 0.3402 -2.23 0.0278
GenderMale 0.1852 0.1773 1.04 0.2987
EducationDiploma 0.9536 0.7130 1.34 0.1842
EducationBachelor Degree 0.6249 0.6678 0.94 0.3517
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.6023 0.6552 0.92 0.3602
EducationPhD 0.7065 0.7120 0.99 0.3235
ManagerYes 0.3782 0.1805 2.10 0.0387

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 7.3606 0.6990 10.53 0.0000
Resistance.to.change -0.6089 0.1058 -5.76 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.2966 0.2506 -1.18 0.2394
Age41-50 years -0.4480 0.2452 -1.83 0.0707
Age51-60 years -0.5157 0.2959 -1.74 0.0846
GenderMale 0.0433 0.1549 0.28 0.7804
EducationDiploma 0.4352 0.6152 0.71 0.4809
EducationBachelor Degree 0.2631 0.5748 0.46 0.6481
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3028 0.5656 0.54 0.5936
EducationPhD 0.2007 0.6154 0.33 0.7450
ManagerYes 0.3519 0.1557 2.26 0.0260

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.3432 0.5740 9.31 0.0000
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.6089 0.1058 -5.76 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.2966 0.2506 -1.18 0.2394
Age41-50 years -0.4480 0.2452 -1.83 0.0707
Age51-60 years -0.5157 0.2959 -1.74 0.0846
GenderMale 0.0433 0.1549 0.28 0.7804
EducationDiploma 0.4352 0.6152 0.71 0.4809
EducationBachelor Degree 0.2631 0.5748 0.46 0.6481
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3028 0.5656 0.54 0.5936
EducationPhD 0.2007 0.6154 0.33 0.7450
ManagerYes 0.3519 0.1557 2.26 0.0260

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 3.9653 0.8142 4.87 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation 0.2318 0.1065 2.18 0.0320
Age31-40 years -0.4312 0.2854 -1.51 0.1341
Age41-50 years -0.6805 0.2750 -2.47 0.0151
Age51-60 years -0.8185 0.3322 -2.46 0.0155
GenderMale 0.1589 0.1732 0.92 0.3612
EducationDiploma 0.9942 0.6882 1.44 0.1518
EducationBachelor Degree 0.6464 0.6459 1.00 0.3194
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.5627 0.6366 0.88 0.3789
EducationPhD 0.7077 0.6885 1.03 0.3065
ManagerYes 0.3909 0.1759 2.22 0.0285

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.1045 0.6464 7.90 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.2318 0.1065 2.18 0.0320
Age31-40 years -0.4312 0.2854 -1.51 0.1341
Age41-50 years -0.6805 0.2750 -2.47 0.0151
Age51-60 years -0.8185 0.3322 -2.46 0.0155
GenderMale 0.1589 0.1732 0.92 0.3612
EducationDiploma 0.9942 0.6882 1.44 0.1518
EducationBachelor Degree 0.6464 0.6459 1.00 0.3194
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.5627 0.6366 0.88 0.3789
EducationPhD 0.7077 0.6885 1.03 0.3065
ManagerYes 0.3909 0.1759 2.22 0.0285


3.3 Multivariate regression

3.3.1 Key variables multivariate regression

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 7.2313 0.7101 10.18 0.0000
Power.distance -0.1571 0.0702 -2.24 0.0274
Collectivist 0.0407 0.0786 0.52 0.6055
Resistance.to.change -0.6221 0.1034 -6.02 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation 0.1044 0.0927 1.13 0.2626

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4826 0.0724 75.70 0.0000
Power.distance.cen -0.1571 0.0702 -2.24 0.0274
Collectivist.cen 0.0407 0.0786 0.52 0.6055
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.6221 0.1034 -6.02 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.1044 0.0927 1.13 0.2626


3.3.2 Demographics multivaraite regression

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.0443 0.6579 7.67 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.3500 0.2882 -1.21 0.2275
Age41-50 years -0.6409 0.2795 -2.29 0.0240
Age51-60 years -0.7569 0.3372 -2.24 0.0270
GenderMale 0.1864 0.1760 1.06 0.2922
EducationDiploma 0.9426 0.7007 1.35 0.1816
EducationBachelor Degree 0.6156 0.6578 0.94 0.3516
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.5955 0.6483 0.92 0.3605
EducationPhD 0.6966 0.7013 0.99 0.3230
ManagerYes 0.3797 0.1791 2.12 0.0365


4 Modifiers for the effect of key variables on Constructive Voice Behavior

Assess the following modifers for the effect of key variables on Constructive Voice Behaviour, with and without adjustment for potential confounding with demographic varaibles. Continuous variables have all been centered.

  1. Resistance to change moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

  2. Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

  3. Collectivist moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

  4. Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour

  5. Collectivist moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour

  6. Collectivist moderates the effect of Core Self Evaluation on constructive voice behaviour

Resistance to change moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

Unadjusted

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4848 0.0728 75.33 0.0000
Power.distance.cen -0.1589 0.0732 -2.17 0.0321
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.6380 0.1008 -6.33 0.0000
Power.distance.cen:Resistance.to.change.cen -0.0440 0.1166 -0.38 0.7065
R^2 = 0.3120995
SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD -0.191 0.017 0.000e+00
low.sd -1 SD -0.127 0.015 0.000e+00

Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4156 0.5781 9.37 0.0000
Power.distance.cen -0.1581 0.0768 -2.06 0.0424
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.6026 0.1044 -5.77 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.2161 0.2500 -0.86 0.3895
Age41-50 years -0.3879 0.2435 -1.59 0.1144
Age51-60 years -0.3533 0.3008 -1.17 0.2430
GenderMale 0.0262 0.1551 0.17 0.8663
EducationDiploma 0.3073 0.6192 0.50 0.6209
EducationBachelor Degree 0.0957 0.5775 0.17 0.8688
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.1293 0.5730 0.23 0.8219
EducationPhD 0.0320 0.6172 0.05 0.9588
ManagerYes 0.4067 0.1567 2.60 0.0109
Power.distance.cen:Resistance.to.change.cen 0.0232 0.1225 0.19 0.8500
R^2 = 0.3778947

SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD -0.141 0.016 0.000e+00
low.sd -1 SD -0.175 0.017 0.000e+00

Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

Unadjusted

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4843 0.0840 65.28 0.0000
Power.distance.cen -0.1915 0.0820 -2.34 0.0214
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.2209 0.1075 2.06 0.0423
Power.distance.cen:Core.self.evaluation.cen -0.0268 0.1181 -0.23 0.8209
R^2 = 0.08550867
SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD -0.213 0.018 0.000e+00
low.sd -1 SD -0.170 0.019 0.000e+00

Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.1993 0.6410 8.11 0.0000
Power.distance.cen -0.1829 0.0850 -2.15 0.0340
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.2399 0.1077 2.23 0.0283
Age31-40 years -0.3540 0.2864 -1.24 0.2194
Age41-50 years -0.6089 0.2723 -2.24 0.0277
Age51-60 years -0.6418 0.3387 -1.89 0.0611
GenderMale 0.1292 0.1708 0.76 0.4514
EducationDiploma 0.8699 0.6971 1.25 0.2151
EducationBachelor Degree 0.4565 0.6461 0.71 0.4816
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3681 0.6426 0.57 0.5681
EducationPhD 0.5237 0.6917 0.76 0.4508
ManagerYes 0.4475 0.1751 2.56 0.0122
Power.distance.cen:Core.self.evaluation.cen -0.0433 0.1225 -0.35 0.7244
R^2 = 0.2092292

SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD -0.218 0.018 0.000e+00
low.sd -1 SD -0.148 0.020 1.601e-13

Collectivist moderates the effect of power distance on constructive voice behaviour

Unadjusted

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4851 0.0851 64.45 0.0000
Power.distance.cen -0.1843 0.0819 -2.25 0.0265
Collectivist.cen -0.0075 0.0920 -0.08 0.9353
Power.distance.cen:Collectivist.cen 0.1035 0.0966 1.07 0.2863
R^2 = 0.0546462
SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD -0.088 0.020 1.392e-05
low.sd -1 SD -0.281 0.020 0.000e+00

Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 4.9992 0.6661 7.51 0.0000
Power.distance.cen -0.1812 0.0849 -2.13 0.0354
Collectivist.cen 0.0062 0.0941 0.07 0.9477
Age31-40 years -0.2639 0.2877 -0.92 0.3613
Age41-50 years -0.5547 0.2787 -1.99 0.0494
Age51-60 years -0.5096 0.3498 -1.46 0.1485
GenderMale 0.1884 0.1759 1.07 0.2868
EducationDiploma 0.9658 0.7241 1.33 0.1854
EducationBachelor Degree 0.5475 0.6736 0.81 0.4183
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.4975 0.6593 0.75 0.4523
EducationPhD 0.6018 0.7133 0.84 0.4010
ManagerYes 0.4369 0.1793 2.44 0.0166
Power.distance.cen:Collectivist.cen 0.1193 0.1001 1.19 0.2363
R^2 = 0.1743239

SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD -0.070 0.022 1.693e-03
low.sd -1 SD -0.292 0.021 0.000e+00

Core Self Evaluation moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour

Unadjusted

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.5116 0.0738 74.67 0.0000
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.6211 0.1026 -6.05 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.0714 0.0926 0.77 0.4419
Resistance.to.change.cen:Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.2365 0.1146 2.06 0.0415
R^2 = 0.3142423
SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD -0.430 0.087 8.338e-07
low.sd -1 SD -0.813 0.091 0.000e+00

Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4045 0.5603 9.65 0.0000
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.5513 0.1069 -5.16 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.0956 0.0948 1.01 0.3159
Age31-40 years -0.3904 0.2480 -1.57 0.1187
Age41-50 years -0.5686 0.2435 -2.34 0.0216
Age51-60 years -0.6778 0.2952 -2.30 0.0239
GenderMale 0.0640 0.1516 0.42 0.6740
EducationDiploma 0.4653 0.6015 0.77 0.4411
EducationBachelor Degree 0.3681 0.5621 0.65 0.5141
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3394 0.5519 0.61 0.5401
EducationPhD 0.3242 0.6021 0.54 0.5915
ManagerYes 0.3505 0.1520 2.31 0.0232
Resistance.to.change.cen:Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.2784 0.1166 2.39 0.0190
R^2 = 0.3905754

SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD -0.326 0.083 8.381e-05
low.sd -1 SD -0.777 0.090 0.000e+00

Collectivist moderates the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour

Unadjusted

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4969 0.0735 74.76 0.0000
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.6590 0.1016 -6.49 0.0000
Collectivist.cen 0.0369 0.0796 0.46 0.6440
Resistance.to.change.cen:Collectivist.cen -0.1893 0.1101 -1.72 0.0887
R^2 = 0.3028589
SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD -0.835 0.091 0.000e+00
low.sd -1 SD -0.483 0.092 1.486e-07

Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4184 0.5748 9.43 0.0000
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.6119 0.1054 -5.81 0.0000
Collectivist.cen 0.0322 0.0825 0.39 0.6971
Age31-40 years -0.3231 0.2494 -1.30 0.1982
Age41-50 years -0.4659 0.2439 -1.91 0.0591
Age51-60 years -0.5460 0.2950 -1.85 0.0672
GenderMale 0.0235 0.1545 0.15 0.8793
EducationDiploma 0.3731 0.6209 0.60 0.5494
EducationBachelor Degree 0.2259 0.5779 0.39 0.6967
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.2630 0.5660 0.46 0.6433
EducationPhD 0.2132 0.6168 0.35 0.7304
ManagerYes 0.3606 0.1554 2.32 0.0224
Resistance.to.change.cen:Collectivist.cen -0.1928 0.1114 -1.73 0.0866
R^2 = 0.3679148

SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD -0.791 0.089 0.000e+00
low.sd -1 SD -0.433 0.089 1.219e-06

Collectivist moderates the effect of Core Self Evaluation on constructive voice behaviour

Unadjusted

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4822 0.0837 65.49 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.2016 0.1042 1.93 0.0558
Collectivist.cen -0.0018 0.0903 -0.02 0.9839
Core.self.evaluation.cen:Collectivist.cen 0.2325 0.0968 2.40 0.0181
R^2 = 0.0847817
SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD 0.418 0.034 0.000e+00
low.sd -1 SD -0.015 0.034 6.704e-01

Adjusted for demographic variables, plotted at reference level

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.1388 0.6392 8.04 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.2300 0.1050 2.19 0.0309
Collectivist.cen 0.0272 0.0918 0.30 0.7672
Age31-40 years -0.4272 0.2811 -1.52 0.1319
Age41-50 years -0.6629 0.2715 -2.44 0.0165
Age51-60 years -0.8215 0.3285 -2.50 0.0141
GenderMale 0.1304 0.1714 0.76 0.4488
EducationDiploma 0.9247 0.6876 1.34 0.1819
EducationBachelor Degree 0.6238 0.6429 0.97 0.3343
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.5185 0.6309 0.82 0.4132
EducationPhD 0.7881 0.6855 1.15 0.2532
ManagerYes 0.3886 0.1737 2.24 0.0276
Core.self.evaluation.cen:Collectivist.cen 0.2158 0.0965 2.24 0.0277
R^2 = 0.2068151

SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD 0.431 0.036 0.000e+00
low.sd -1 SD 0.029 0.037 4.223e-01

4.1 Look for interactions with demographic variables

Power distance

Power distance: Initial model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 8.4056 2.7013 3.11 0.0025
Power.distance -1.3983 0.8864 -1.58 0.1182
Age31-40 years -1.9154 0.9719 -1.97 0.0519
Age41-50 years -2.2342 0.9598 -2.33 0.0222
Age51-60 years -2.9271 1.1544 -2.54 0.0130
GenderMale 0.0920 0.4923 0.19 0.8522
EducationDiploma 0.4542 2.6144 0.17 0.8625
EducationBachelor Degree 0.0012 2.5076 0.00 0.9996
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters -0.3622 2.4741 -0.15 0.8839
EducationPhD -0.3919 2.5781 -0.15 0.8795
ManagerYes -0.3471 0.5293 -0.66 0.5136
Power.distance:Age31-40 years 0.8383 0.4529 1.85 0.0675
Power.distance:Age41-50 years 0.8605 0.4435 1.94 0.0555
Power.distance:Age51-60 years 1.0972 0.4765 2.30 0.0236
Power.distance:GenderMale 0.0243 0.1900 0.13 0.8985
Power.distance:EducationDiploma 0.0930 0.8071 0.12 0.9086
Power.distance:EducationBachelor Degree 0.0738 0.7460 0.10 0.9214
Power.distance:EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.2068 0.7233 0.29 0.7756
Power.distance:EducationPhD 0.2367 0.7698 0.31 0.7592
Power.distance:ManagerYes 0.2953 0.2137 1.38 0.1705
Power distance: Final AIC model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 6.2634 0.3351 18.69 0.0000
Power.distance -0.4021 0.1341 -3.00 0.0034
ManagerYes -0.3578 0.4418 -0.81 0.4199
Power.distance:ManagerYes 0.3016 0.1671 1.80 0.0740

Power distance

Power distance: Initial model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 4.9188 0.8437 5.83 0.0000
Power.distance.cen -1.3983 0.8864 -1.58 0.1182
Age31-40 years 0.1751 0.3611 0.48 0.6289
Age41-50 years -0.0885 0.3529 -0.25 0.8026
Age51-60 years -0.1912 0.4189 -0.46 0.6492
GenderMale 0.1526 0.1836 0.83 0.4081
EducationDiploma 0.6860 0.9012 0.76 0.4486
EducationBachelor Degree 0.1853 0.8826 0.21 0.8342
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.1535 0.8778 0.17 0.8616
EducationPhD 0.1982 0.9200 0.22 0.8299
ManagerYes 0.3893 0.1894 2.06 0.0427
Power.distance.cen:Age31-40 years 0.8383 0.4529 1.85 0.0675
Power.distance.cen:Age41-50 years 0.8605 0.4435 1.94 0.0555
Power.distance.cen:Age51-60 years 1.0972 0.4765 2.30 0.0236
Power.distance.cen:GenderMale 0.0243 0.1900 0.13 0.8985
Power.distance.cen:EducationDiploma 0.0930 0.8071 0.12 0.9086
Power.distance.cen:EducationBachelor Degree 0.0738 0.7460 0.10 0.9214
Power.distance.cen:EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.2068 0.7233 0.29 0.7756
Power.distance.cen:EducationPhD 0.2367 0.7698 0.31 0.7592
Power.distance.cen:ManagerYes 0.2953 0.2137 1.38 0.1705
Power distance: Final AIC model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.2608 0.1187 44.33 0.0000
Power.distance.cen -0.4021 0.1341 -3.00 0.0034
ManagerYes 0.3943 0.1665 2.37 0.0197
Power.distance.cen:ManagerYes 0.3016 0.1671 1.80 0.0740

Collectivist

Collectivist: Initial model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 9.6672 15.3275 0.63 0.5298
Collectivist -0.8962 2.7652 -0.32 0.7466
Age31-40 years -3.0300 1.7884 -1.69 0.0937
Age41-50 years -2.6128 1.6090 -1.62 0.1079
Age51-60 years -2.7328 1.9843 -1.38 0.1719
GenderMale 0.3564 1.0925 0.33 0.7450
EducationDiploma -1.9177 15.0317 -0.13 0.8988
EducationBachelor Degree -1.0215 15.0513 -0.07 0.9460
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters -3.3020 14.9691 -0.22 0.8259
EducationPhD -2.3454 15.0360 -0.16 0.8764
ManagerYes 0.7665 1.0413 0.74 0.4636
Collectivist:Age31-40 years 0.6011 0.3904 1.54 0.1272
Collectivist:Age41-50 years 0.4497 0.3466 1.30 0.1979
Collectivist:Age51-60 years 0.4461 0.4219 1.06 0.2933
Collectivist:GenderMale -0.0088 0.2224 -0.04 0.9686
Collectivist:EducationDiploma 0.4995 2.6895 0.19 0.8531
Collectivist:EducationBachelor Degree 0.2143 2.6922 0.08 0.9367
Collectivist:EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.6988 2.6745 0.26 0.7945
Collectivist:EducationPhD 0.5127 2.6917 0.19 0.8494
Collectivist:ManagerYes -0.0897 0.2178 -0.41 0.6815
Collectivist: Final AIC model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.7515 0.2277 25.26 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.3370 0.2778 -1.21 0.2278
Age41-50 years -0.6131 0.2680 -2.29 0.0242
Age51-60 years -0.7572 0.3250 -2.33 0.0217
ManagerYes 0.3758 0.1743 2.16 0.0334

Collectivist

Collectivist: Initial model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4593 2.4355 2.24 0.0275
Collectivist.cen -0.8962 2.7652 -0.32 0.7466
Age31-40 years -0.2077 0.3068 -0.68 0.5000
Age41-50 years -0.5015 0.2962 -1.69 0.0939
Age51-60 years -0.6385 0.3561 -1.79 0.0763
GenderMale 0.3151 0.1925 1.64 0.1051
EducationDiploma 0.4276 2.5101 0.17 0.8651
EducationBachelor Degree -0.0155 2.4954 -0.01 0.9951
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters -0.0211 2.4923 -0.01 0.9933
EducationPhD 0.0619 2.5048 0.02 0.9803
ManagerYes 0.3454 0.1931 1.79 0.0771
Collectivist.cen:Age31-40 years 0.6011 0.3904 1.54 0.1272
Collectivist.cen:Age41-50 years 0.4497 0.3466 1.30 0.1979
Collectivist.cen:Age51-60 years 0.4461 0.4219 1.06 0.2933
Collectivist.cen:GenderMale -0.0088 0.2224 -0.04 0.9686
Collectivist.cen:EducationDiploma 0.4995 2.6895 0.19 0.8531
Collectivist.cen:EducationBachelor Degree 0.2143 2.6922 0.08 0.9367
Collectivist.cen:EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.6988 2.6745 0.26 0.7945
Collectivist.cen:EducationPhD 0.5127 2.6917 0.19 0.8494
Collectivist.cen:ManagerYes -0.0897 0.2178 -0.41 0.6815
Collectivist: Final AIC model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.7515 0.2277 25.26 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.3370 0.2778 -1.21 0.2278
Age41-50 years -0.6131 0.2680 -2.29 0.0242
Age51-60 years -0.7572 0.3250 -2.33 0.0217
ManagerYes 0.3758 0.1743 2.16 0.0334

Resistance to change

Resistance to change: Initial model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 8.0811 9.0361 0.89 0.3736
Resistance.to.change -0.8315 2.4492 -0.34 0.7350
Age31-40 years -1.5838 1.1649 -1.36 0.1774
Age41-50 years -1.3041 1.0935 -1.19 0.2362
Age51-60 years -2.3097 1.6530 -1.40 0.1658
GenderMale 0.0863 0.7893 0.11 0.9132
EducationDiploma -0.3041 9.0053 -0.03 0.9731
EducationBachelor Degree 1.6590 9.0027 0.18 0.8542
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.1959 8.9450 0.02 0.9826
EducationPhD 0.8998 9.0613 0.10 0.9211
ManagerYes -0.0122 0.8689 -0.01 0.9888
Resistance.to.change:Age31-40 years 0.4018 0.3585 1.12 0.2655
Resistance.to.change:Age41-50 years 0.2578 0.3336 0.77 0.4418
Resistance.to.change:Age51-60 years 0.5322 0.4803 1.11 0.2708
Resistance.to.change:GenderMale -0.0236 0.2407 -0.10 0.9220
Resistance.to.change:EducationDiploma 0.2542 2.4334 0.10 0.9170
Resistance.to.change:EducationBachelor Degree -0.4232 2.4236 -0.17 0.8618
Resistance.to.change:EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.0214 2.4037 0.01 0.9929
Resistance.to.change:EducationPhD -0.2096 2.4468 -0.09 0.9319
Resistance.to.change:ManagerYes 0.1276 0.2635 0.48 0.6294
Resistance to change: Final AIC model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 7.4925 0.3477 21.55 0.0000
Resistance.to.change -0.6530 0.0999 -6.53 0.0000
ManagerYes 0.3044 0.1447 2.10 0.0378

Resistance to change

Resistance to change: Initial model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.3260 1.0771 4.94 0.0000
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.8315 2.4492 -0.34 0.7350
Age31-40 years -0.2526 0.2643 -0.96 0.3419
Age41-50 years -0.4500 0.2601 -1.73 0.0871
Age51-60 years -0.5463 0.3159 -1.73 0.0872
GenderMale 0.0079 0.1597 0.05 0.9605
EducationDiploma 0.5383 1.1330 0.48 0.6358
EducationBachelor Degree 0.2567 1.1196 0.23 0.8192
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.2666 1.1204 0.24 0.8125
EducationPhD 0.2053 1.1453 0.18 0.8581
ManagerYes 0.4105 0.1669 2.46 0.0159
Resistance.to.change.cen:Age31-40 years 0.4018 0.3585 1.12 0.2655
Resistance.to.change.cen:Age41-50 years 0.2578 0.3336 0.77 0.4418
Resistance.to.change.cen:Age51-60 years 0.5322 0.4803 1.11 0.2708
Resistance.to.change.cen:GenderMale -0.0236 0.2407 -0.10 0.9220
Resistance.to.change.cen:EducationDiploma 0.2542 2.4334 0.10 0.9170
Resistance.to.change.cen:EducationBachelor Degree -0.4232 2.4236 -0.17 0.8618
Resistance.to.change.cen:EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.0214 2.4037 0.01 0.9929
Resistance.to.change.cen:EducationPhD -0.2096 2.4468 -0.09 0.9319
Resistance.to.change.cen:ManagerYes 0.1276 0.2635 0.48 0.6294
Resistance to change: Final AIC model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.3290 0.1028 51.83 0.0000
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.6530 0.0999 -6.53 0.0000
ManagerYes 0.3044 0.1447 2.10 0.0378

Core self evaluation

Core self evaluation: Initial model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.8430 7.4604 0.78 0.4356
Core.self.evaluation -0.1493 1.5273 -0.10 0.9223
Age31-40 years 0.1979 1.6861 0.12 0.9068
Age41-50 years 0.4098 1.7842 0.23 0.8189
Age51-60 years 2.3034 2.7954 0.82 0.4121
GenderMale 0.0735 1.2272 0.06 0.9524
EducationDiploma 2.7885 7.5809 0.37 0.7139
EducationBachelor Degree -3.3216 7.5152 -0.44 0.6596
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters -2.8380 7.3651 -0.39 0.7009
EducationPhD -2.4385 7.5196 -0.32 0.7465
ManagerYes 1.2813 1.3122 0.98 0.3315
Core.self.evaluation:Age31-40 years -0.1869 0.3444 -0.54 0.5887
Core.self.evaluation:Age41-50 years -0.2679 0.3672 -0.73 0.4676
Core.self.evaluation:Age51-60 years -0.6633 0.5614 -1.18 0.2406
Core.self.evaluation:GenderMale 0.0129 0.2415 0.05 0.9576
Core.self.evaluation:EducationDiploma -0.3909 1.5649 -0.25 0.8033
Core.self.evaluation:EducationBachelor Degree 0.8720 1.5522 0.56 0.5757
Core.self.evaluation:EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.7334 1.5223 0.48 0.6312
Core.self.evaluation:EducationPhD 0.6882 1.5518 0.44 0.6585
Core.self.evaluation:ManagerYes -0.1856 0.2582 -0.72 0.4742
Core self evaluation: Final AIC model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 7.1582 7.2786 0.98 0.3279
Core.self.evaluation -0.3730 1.4916 -0.25 0.8031
Age31-40 years -0.6643 0.2968 -2.24 0.0276
Age41-50 years -0.8692 0.2896 -3.00 0.0034
Age51-60 years -0.9799 0.3424 -2.86 0.0052
EducationDiploma 2.5827 7.4312 0.35 0.7289
EducationBachelor Degree -3.7905 7.3709 -0.51 0.6083
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters -2.2907 7.2289 -0.32 0.7520
EducationPhD -2.1385 7.3192 -0.29 0.7708
ManagerYes 0.3596 0.1781 2.02 0.0463
Core.self.evaluation:EducationDiploma -0.3877 1.5354 -0.25 0.8012
Core.self.evaluation:EducationBachelor Degree 0.9185 1.5235 0.60 0.5480
Core.self.evaluation:EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.5946 1.4929 0.40 0.6913
Core.self.evaluation:EducationPhD 0.5919 1.5118 0.39 0.6963

Core self evaluation

Core self evaluation: Initial model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.1090 0.6568 7.78 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen -0.1493 1.5273 -0.10 0.9223
Age31-40 years -0.7206 0.3073 -2.34 0.0213
Age41-50 years -0.9068 0.3064 -2.96 0.0039
Age51-60 years -0.9567 0.3558 -2.69 0.0086
GenderMale 0.1367 0.1853 0.74 0.4626
EducationDiploma 0.8670 0.7052 1.23 0.2222
EducationBachelor Degree 0.9642 0.6720 1.43 0.1549
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.7667 0.6522 1.18 0.2429
EducationPhD 0.9442 0.7191 1.31 0.1926
ManagerYes 0.3690 0.1843 2.00 0.0483
Core.self.evaluation.cen:Age31-40 years -0.1869 0.3444 -0.54 0.5887
Core.self.evaluation.cen:Age41-50 years -0.2679 0.3672 -0.73 0.4676
Core.self.evaluation.cen:Age51-60 years -0.6633 0.5614 -1.18 0.2406
Core.self.evaluation.cen:GenderMale 0.0129 0.2415 0.05 0.9576
Core.self.evaluation.cen:EducationDiploma -0.3909 1.5649 -0.25 0.8033
Core.self.evaluation.cen:EducationBachelor Degree 0.8720 1.5522 0.56 0.5757
Core.self.evaluation.cen:EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.7334 1.5223 0.48 0.6312
Core.self.evaluation.cen:EducationPhD 0.6882 1.5518 0.44 0.6585
Core.self.evaluation.cen:ManagerYes -0.1856 0.2582 -0.72 0.4742
Core self evaluation: Final AIC model
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.3249 0.6228 8.55 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen -0.3730 1.4916 -0.25 0.8031
Age31-40 years -0.6643 0.2968 -2.24 0.0276
Age41-50 years -0.8692 0.2896 -3.00 0.0034
Age51-60 years -0.9799 0.3424 -2.86 0.0052
EducationDiploma 0.6770 0.6861 0.99 0.3263
EducationBachelor Degree 0.7238 0.6422 1.13 0.2626
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.6318 0.6362 0.99 0.3232
EducationPhD 0.7708 0.6857 1.12 0.2638
ManagerYes 0.3596 0.1781 2.02 0.0463
Core.self.evaluation.cen:EducationDiploma -0.3877 1.5354 -0.25 0.8012
Core.self.evaluation.cen:EducationBachelor Degree 0.9185 1.5235 0.60 0.5480
Core.self.evaluation.cen:EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.5946 1.4929 0.40 0.6913
Core.self.evaluation.cen:EducationPhD 0.5919 1.5118 0.39 0.6963


5 Core self evaluation as a modrator for the effect of resistance to change on constructive voice behaviour

Fit three models

Demographics only
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.0443 0.6579 7.67 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.3500 0.2882 -1.21 0.2275
Age41-50 years -0.6409 0.2795 -2.29 0.0240
Age51-60 years -0.7569 0.3372 -2.24 0.0270
GenderMale 0.1864 0.1760 1.06 0.2922
EducationDiploma 0.9426 0.7007 1.35 0.1816
EducationBachelor Degree 0.6156 0.6578 0.94 0.3516
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.5955 0.6483 0.92 0.3605
EducationPhD 0.6966 0.7013 0.99 0.3230
ManagerYes 0.3797 0.1791 2.12 0.0365
R^2 = 0.124865 adj R^2 = 0.04530729
Demographics with resistance to change and core self evaluation as main effects
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.3573 0.5733 9.34 0.0000
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.5798 0.1087 -5.33 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.1090 0.0969 1.13 0.2633
Age31-40 years -0.3374 0.2529 -1.33 0.1853
Age41-50 years -0.4759 0.2461 -1.93 0.0561
Age51-60 years -0.5562 0.2977 -1.87 0.0648
GenderMale 0.0372 0.1548 0.24 0.8106
EducationDiploma 0.4837 0.6158 0.79 0.4341
EducationBachelor Degree 0.2945 0.5747 0.51 0.6096
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3013 0.5648 0.53 0.5949
EducationPhD 0.2296 0.6151 0.37 0.7098
ManagerYes 0.3585 0.1556 2.30 0.0233
R^2 = 0.3544225 adj R^2 = 0.2812127
Demographics with resistance to change and core self evaluation as main and interaction effects
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4045 0.5603 9.65 0.0000
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.5513 0.1069 -5.16 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.0956 0.0948 1.01 0.3159
Age31-40 years -0.3904 0.2480 -1.57 0.1187
Age41-50 years -0.5686 0.2435 -2.34 0.0216
Age51-60 years -0.6778 0.2952 -2.30 0.0239
GenderMale 0.0640 0.1516 0.42 0.6740
EducationDiploma 0.4653 0.6015 0.77 0.4411
EducationBachelor Degree 0.3681 0.5621 0.65 0.5141
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3394 0.5519 0.61 0.5401
EducationPhD 0.3242 0.6021 0.54 0.5915
ManagerYes 0.3505 0.1520 2.31 0.0232
Resistance.to.change.cen:Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.2784 0.1166 2.39 0.0190
R^2 = 0.3905754 adj R^2 = 0.3143973
SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD -0.326 0.083 8.381e-05
low.sd -1 SD -0.777 0.090 0.000e+00

6 Resistance to change as a modrator for the effect of core self evaluation on constructive voice behaviour

Fit three models

Demographics only
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.0443 0.6579 7.67 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.3500 0.2882 -1.21 0.2275
Age41-50 years -0.6409 0.2795 -2.29 0.0240
Age51-60 years -0.7569 0.3372 -2.24 0.0270
GenderMale 0.1864 0.1760 1.06 0.2922
EducationDiploma 0.9426 0.7007 1.35 0.1816
EducationBachelor Degree 0.6156 0.6578 0.94 0.3516
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.5955 0.6483 0.92 0.3605
EducationPhD 0.6966 0.7013 0.99 0.3230
ManagerYes 0.3797 0.1791 2.12 0.0365
R^2 = 0.124865 adj R^2 = 0.04530729
Demographics with resistance to change and core self evaluation as main effects
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.3573 0.5733 9.34 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.1090 0.0969 1.13 0.2633
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.5798 0.1087 -5.33 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.3374 0.2529 -1.33 0.1853
Age41-50 years -0.4759 0.2461 -1.93 0.0561
Age51-60 years -0.5562 0.2977 -1.87 0.0648
GenderMale 0.0372 0.1548 0.24 0.8106
EducationDiploma 0.4837 0.6158 0.79 0.4341
EducationBachelor Degree 0.2945 0.5747 0.51 0.6096
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3013 0.5648 0.53 0.5949
EducationPhD 0.2296 0.6151 0.37 0.7098
ManagerYes 0.3585 0.1556 2.30 0.0233
R^2 = 0.3544225 adj R^2 = 0.2812127
Demographics with resistance to change and core self evaluation as main and interaction effects
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(&gt |t|)
(Intercept) 5.4045 0.5603 9.65 0.0000
Core.self.evaluation.cen 0.0956 0.0948 1.01 0.3159
Resistance.to.change.cen -0.5513 0.1069 -5.16 0.0000
Age31-40 years -0.3904 0.2480 -1.57 0.1187
Age41-50 years -0.5686 0.2435 -2.34 0.0216
Age51-60 years -0.6778 0.2952 -2.30 0.0239
GenderMale 0.0640 0.1516 0.42 0.6740
EducationDiploma 0.4653 0.6015 0.77 0.4411
EducationBachelor Degree 0.3681 0.5621 0.65 0.5141
EducationPostgraduate Diploma / Masters 0.3394 0.5519 0.61 0.5401
EducationPhD 0.3242 0.6021 0.54 0.5915
ManagerYes 0.3505 0.1520 2.31 0.0232
Core.self.evaluation.cen:Resistance.to.change.cen 0.2784 0.1166 2.39 0.0190
R^2 = 0.3905754 adj R^2 = 0.3143973
SD beta se.beta p.value
upp.sd +1 SD 0.299 0.033 0.000e+00
low.sd -1 SD -0.108 0.035 1.925e-03

Session Information

## R version 3.0.1 (2013-05-16)
## Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin10.8.0 (64-bit)
## 
## locale:
## [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
## 
## attached base packages:
## [1] grid      stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods  
## [8] base     
## 
## other attached packages:
## [1] knitr_1.8      xtable_1.7-1   plyr_1.8       reshape2_1.2.2
## [5] GGally_0.5.0   ggplot2_1.0.0  psych_1.4.8.11
## 
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
##  [1] colorspace_1.2-2   dichromat_2.0-0    digest_0.6.3      
##  [4] evaluate_0.5.5     formatR_1.0        gtable_0.1.2      
##  [7] htmltools_0.2.6    labeling_0.1       MASS_7.3-26       
## [10] munsell_0.4        proto_0.3-10       RColorBrewer_1.0-5
## [13] reshape_0.8.5      rmarkdown_0.3.10   scales_0.2.3      
## [16] stringr_0.6.2      tools_3.0.1        yaml_2.1.13